نشریه مطالعات نظریه و انواع ادبی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1396)

Time as a key element in the novel narrates the attention of many critics and theorists field of narrative.   Gérard Genette, the French structuralist theorist, his narrative theory and development in line with the views of other theorists in the field of narratives, which up until now has been in the field-is the most complete theory. The time factor is one of the most important elements in building a novel, because every event occurs at the time. We better check the time factor, the novel written by Ahmad Mahmoudchr('39')s neighbors have chosen the best contemporary novels in a row is Persian. Neighbors, is a novel of social realism that the reality in the lives of people pay lower class; people who, due to poverty, unemployment and illiteracy, cultural and social in the most difficult situation, living. The novel is the story of 8-year-old teenager named Khalidchr('39')s political life narrative that emerged from the same class of society and is linked to the militant group and enlightened society. Khalid himself narrates the adventures that happen to him in that direction. Author of the novel, the rules correctly and in harmony with the rise and fall of a fictional applied.

The novel The Symphony of the Dead, written by Abbas Maroufi, featuring a new approach to form and content, with an artist, is based on the elements of several different literary schools. This issue challenges the reader to reach the hidden layers of the novel and characters and this readerchr('39')s contribution to the interpretation of events, is a great help to the popularity and popularity of the novel Abbas Maroufi,. The existence of the components and foundations of the Surrealism school in the novels of the Symphony of the dead is one of the features of this novel. That Abbas Maroufi has been able to communicate with the jump from time to time and vice versa between imagination and reality and, while persuading the audience, he would have a marvelous and appealing picture for him. The five main components of the surrealistic school in this novel are striking: Intrinsic structure incompatible with conventional time; Excessive drawing of the lives of characters and the atmosphere of the novel; Creation of surrealistic images derived from the psychological moments of characters; the mastery of madness and rationalism and the psychology of the main hero of the novel. This article seeks to investigate the components of the surrealist school in the novels of the symphony of the dead, with the aim of examining the surrealist components of the novels of the symphony of the dead.

Based on the question "whether as womenchr('39')s literature, there is a category of chr('39')Different approaches to womenchr('39')s fiction is formed. Language and linguistics community of researcherchr('39')s social and feminist critics, especially feminist and postmodern, linguistic theories about the characteristics of women and men of the differences are presented. In this study various approaches regarding the review and critique of linguistic features, Women light on the analysis of womenchr('39')s fiction, as a method of feature selection in linguistic, ideational literary works, has been emphasized. Its novel, "habit - we", "like you said Lily," and "My Bird" is selected. The research method is descriptive - analytical studies based on feminist approach style, these works are analyzed.  The findings of the study suggest that authors of works on different levels of the text: the literal (term), the syntactic level (use of words) and level discourse (text and point out features of s) feminine narrative provided and try to have the representation of female identity.

Ilmo-ma-ani - as one of the branches of the Islamic rhetoric- and for having the common features with western rhetoric, has also many similarities with linguistic and the literary contemporary criticism. Totally, existence of the subjects such as: discourse elegance, defects interrupting the elegance, intentions and secondary use of the discourse, study of the structure and context of the sentence and discourse in Ilmo-ma-ani reveal this knowledge similarities and its relations with three important branches of the linguistic: phonology, syntax, semantics, in the other words because Ilmo-ma-ani sees the literary works with a grammatical- rhetorical point of view, so this kind of view  connects this knowledge to the linguistic especially linguistic criticism. M. A. Halliday is one of the renowned researchers of the school of linguistics in Britain whose “systematic functional grammar” (SFG) has many similarities with rhetorical discussions of “Xabar”, “Insha”, “connotative meaning” … of Ilm-ol-Ma’a: ni. This paper discusses the similarities deals based on Saadi’s boostan.

Prior to the emergence of new linguistics’ standpoints, the unit of language study, in general, was “sentence”, but in modern viewpoints including functional linguistics, the text is also taken into consideration. As a functional linguist, Halliday has studied the textual structure of a sentence and also has evaluated the form in association with meaning and function. This essay is theoretically based on Halliday’s “systemic functional linguistics” and the main point in this essay is the study of the author’s way of thinking and his internal world in terms of the study of sort of verb processes and also determination of their frequencies and repetitions. In line with this purpose, the body of this essay studies the verbs available in Zoya Pirzad’s short stores using a descriptive- analytical method. To do so, the researcher categorized   the text of Pirzad’s 10 short stories into 6 processes; that is, material, cognitive, communicative, behavioral, verbal and existential. Evaluating the function patterns of these processes along with their frequencies, the researcher determined the author’s attitude and way of thinking. At the end, it was concluded that material and then communicative processes are the distinctive characteristics of Zoya Pirzad’s style in short story. With respect to his frequent usage of material process, we can come to the conclusion that he has realistic viewpoint.

Khayyam’s fame is largely due to free translation of Fitzgerald of his Rubaiyat. By the time of publishing of Fitzgerald translation, a variety of artists tried illustrating it. In west, a special inclination has been raised in illustrators to represent the Rubaiyat beginning with Elihu Veddar’s works continuing to the present. Nevertheless, the history of illustration of Rubaiyat traces back to 826 AH and to Mahfuz Ul-Hagh manuscript version containing some Persian miniatures. Some artists have focused on the whole concept of Rubaiyat and some on one or some words. Some artists have represented the superficial meaning of the poems and some have taken a more symbolic approach. Western, orientalist and Persian approaches toward the representation of Rubaiyat can be seen among the illustrators. This research is a comparative study of Rubaiyat illustrations, according to three poems translated by Fitzgerald and its main purposes are the study of the representation of key concepts of Rubaiyat in illustrations of some artists, and the study of the effects of artistic movements, cultural atmosphere and also the aesthetic tradition on the illustrations. This research is descriptive-analytic and gathering of information is based upon desk study.

Language and literature, as means of voicing objections in all social areas, laid the foundation of cultural and social objections in the poetry and prose movement of Tazriq in Iran and Dadaism school in Europe. Disrupting the syntactic and semantic rules of phonetic and prosodic segments lies at the heart of this movement.  The Dadaism school, by disturbing and violating standard conventions, seeks to break away from dominant norms, which are not merely restricted to the realm of linguistics. In the same vein, Tazriq movement represents an infringement of conventions by deviating from the semantic segments of language. It should be noted that the history of Tazriq movement in Persian literature dates back to the period before the rise of Dadaism in the west. This paper, drawing on Wittgenstein family resemblance theory, which is concerned with finding similarities and differences between two subjects, investigates these two movements.Tazriq movement and Dadaism school share many commonalities and distinctions. This paper aims to explore similarities of these two movements such as the effect of political trends, semantic deviation, objection, rejection of tradition and heterogeneities such as the type of deviation and approach in disparate domains.